Generation me Free Essays

We are the original encircled by innovation. We were the first to grow up with PCs, advanced mobile phones and web. Inside two seconds of utilizing our telephones, we can get old of any data our little heart’s want Just by composing words into Google. We will compose a custom paper test on Age me or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now We are Millennial, otherwise called Generation Y. Conceived between the early asses to asses, our age has considerably more certainty than the age before us. We are more astute, certain and consistently associated. Truth be told, our age is loaded up with savvy grown-ups who are liberal, dedicated and who set significant standards or themselves. Since we are innovation spare. â€Å"y’ and opportunity driven, our odds in work are more noteworthy. In our employer’s eyes, our age can impart: react faster to messages and messages. As per William J. Schroeder, rule of the quickening, the individuals from the Generation Y are â€Å"immune to most customary showcasing and deals pitches† as we grew up with it and have been around it since are early years. The inquiry than is, is Generation Y truly associated or would we say we are an entitled age who can just interface with ourselves? We are entitled busy working, self-intrigued and we squander the entirety of our cash. Age Y doesn't top different ages because of innovation. What sort of future do we see with our own eyes? We see the world contrastingly and in our own particular manner, we consider accomplishment to be something we can Just apply for. We enter a workforce hoping to be supervisors and Coos before the day's over. We don't consider ourselves to be entitled however truly we are. Our work desires are ridiculous and working brief hours and getting paid well is something we think ought to happen naturally. As per the article, â€Å"The trophy kids go to work,† â€Å"more than 85% of employing directors and human-asset officials said they feel that millennial have a more grounded feeling of privilege than more seasoned workers†. Robert Bogs, director and executive at Corinthian Colleges in Southern California worked with youthful grown-ups under thirty on his staff. â€Å"They will in general be self-assimilated; they esteem fun in their own and their work life, on the grounds that they’ve grown up performing multiple tasks on their portable, cushion and PC, I can’t anticipate that them should chip away at one anticipate for any measure of time without getting exhausted. Help Mr.. Lowlands. We spend the greater part of our day posting on Faceable, blobbing about our snacks and taking sacrificial while we are on the clock. However, we convey ourselves as persevering, committed and faithful to our managers. With regards to internet based life, the conversation isn't an amazement. We millennial are dependent on informal communication. Our mental self portrait is imperative to us, and we go through hours posting pictures and blobbing sufficiently just to get the most â€Å"likes. † â€Å"81% of Millennial are on Faceable, where their generation’s middle companion tally is 250, far higher than that of more seasoned age gatherings. â€Å"Millennial in Adulthood†). We can't recall what the world resembled without Faceable and Mainstream. â€Å"Millennial are additionally unmistakable by they way they place themselves at the focal point of self-made computerized systems. Completely 55% have posted a â€Å"selfless† on an online networking website; no other age is close to as slanted. † (â€Å"Millennial in Adulthood†). In all due reasonableness, we millennial grew up with innovation around us and to be associated with the world is incredible. In any case, we overlook what it resembles to have a discus sion vis-à-vis and make reined without squeezing the â€Å"add friend† demand button. When you’re up close and personal, you can’t control what you are going to state, and you don’t realize to what extent it’s going to take or where it could go (Turtle). Turtle, creator of â€Å"Alone Together†, asked youthful grown-ups for what good reason they delighted in text informing over having vis-à-vis discussions. Turtle says: â€Å"Face-to-confront cooperation instructs ‘skills of negotiation’, of perusing each other’s feeling, of confronting the unpredictability of encounter, managing complex feeling. † We are passing up a passionate association when we interface o our telephones and PCs. Other than searching for the best work environments and spending time with our telephones, the quality Y isn't the best with regards to setting aside cash. We essentially squander it. Not thinking long haul is the method of living for us millennial. We move out too soon straight out of school, pursuing quick cash and not putting forth the attempt to spare. We love spending our income on going out to eat as opposed to cooking, (l mean, who has the opportunity to prepare full suppers consistently? ), taking taxis as opposed to strolling a large portion of a mile, pointless brand attire things and obviously espresso. The most recent Pew Research meanderer found, â€Å"Fully 50% of Millennial (51 %) state they don't accept there will be any cash for them in the Social Security framework when they are prepared to resign. † With this stated, we persuade ourselves that every one of these things are fundamental and as much we make the most of our Cataracts and other extravagance things, we millennial don’t need them to endure. We millennial are living in the â€Å"right now’ and half of us are battling the allurements of overspending. We are not pondering our budgetary arranging, yet a greater amount of our public activities. We are the â€Å"next extraordinary generation† yet what do we need o achieve before we own this title? As a millennial myself, I accept in the event that we remain concentrated on our professions, buckle down towards our objectives, invest less energy fixating on our Mainstream plate of mixed greens pictures, informal breakfast menus and Friday night wine sampling, our age can place ourselves into a drawn out satisfaction. As a general rule, on the off chance that we need to accomplish the way of life that we are dreaming about, we have numerous territories of chances for development. As Millennial we are as yet developing and learning, and with all the more difficult work, we can conceivably be the best age. Instructions to refer to Generation me, Papers

Conduct Ecostore Management Curves of Innovation

Question: Depict about the Conduct Ecostore Management for Curves of Innovation. Answer: Presentation Ecological administration idea is a positive endeavor to control the human communication and contact with the components of condition for safeguarding the significant common recourses. As per Wilson (2015), natural administration exclusively focuses on the slow procedure of improvement of the human government assistance for both the future and present age. Different authoritative activities of an association actualize, create and screen the important strategies, rules and guidelines of an association. The reason for this report is to break down the hierarchical conduct and HRM rehearses inside Ecostore. This business report will likewise manage the worldwide business of the concerned organization with appropriate ramifications of data innovation. Toward the finish of this report, there will be viable proposals, which may help the administration of Ecostore to build up the whole business structure and procedure in future. Foundation Ecostore, an eminent organization of Australia and New Zealand began its business activity with natural and economical cultivating rehearses and disregarded harmful synthetics while delivering the items (Ecostore.com.au 2016). The significant focal point of Ecostore includes the need of their clients and their wellbeing first. The proprietor of this organization has begun the business in Auckland with a base scope of child care and body care items. Notwithstanding, inside five to seven years due to fame, Ecostore has propelled its outlets in the grocery stores of New Zealand, Australia and United States. Malcolm Rands, the prime supporter of Ecostore, extends the business all through the world be that as it may; the primary focus was consistently Australia. Maintainability related methodologies and issues So as to fabricate an ideal and economical brand with pertinent and sufficient reason can be a considerable and complex undertaking in todays serious business world (De Freitas 2015). Ecostore has been prevailing to keep up a quick and steady development in New Zealand with family unit cleaning and body care items. Ecostore is fruitful to keep up a solid sort of maintainable vision since 1993 and with this [potential methodologies this organization has opened in excess of 2100 outlets in different urban areas of Australia. The significant focal point of Ecostore is to create eco benevolent item and with this arrangement the organization has accomplished AU$35 million yearly turnover in the business. The received methodologies of Ecostore are totally not quite the same as the current and conventional private enterprise model of business activity. As per Kennedy et al. (2016), hypothesis of manageability includes basic types of society and economy, which is enduring and can possibly be judged and assessed on worldwide scale. The business activity of Ecostore unmistakably asserts worldwide equity in the middle of the current ages. Hypothesis of manageability not just talks about a paltry ideas and relationship in the middle of financial, natural and social approach. In any case, it likewise decides an ideal parity against different contending interests, for example, monetary development, which is set up in brief period, applicable inquiries in regards to utilizing techniques so as to determine the experienced difficulties and a definitive dynamic procedure of the higher administration (Chipps 2013). While the hypothesis of supportability manages the consistent improvement of the feasible networks, which are swarmed with the significant talk of social and natural value. In any case, the acts of manageability inside an associatio n despite everything rely on the old fashioned frameworks and technique depends upon abuse and benefit that are covered by critical coded rationale of the instrumental sanity (Johnstone and Hooper 2016). Job of authoritative conduct: Ueda and Ueda (2012) have referenced that authoritative conduct includes a legitimate and sufficient knowledge and vision towards the viable answer for the few difficulties, which are experienced by the association in a specific industry. Hierarchical conduct helps the administration of an association to get proactive, adaptable so as to execute and empower the business elements of it in worldwide way. As Ecostore grows its business outside of Australia, along these lines, a legitimate hierarchical conduct encourages the higher administration to keep up and deal with the work power decent variety, as it has become a worldwide concern. The administrators of Ecostore needs to manage the different issues related sexual orientation, age and race so as to practice an ideal control so as to channelize the conduct and disposition of each representative in the ideal heading. Sharma and Sharma (2013) have referenced that hierarchical conduct fuses bits of knowledge into the current expertise, ability and information on the representative, which the worker can use to make potential group and structure the undertaking in brief period and deliberate way. Earthy colored (2013) has expressed that association conduct likewise helps the chiefs and quality administrator of Ecostore to build up the efficiency and nature of the offered items in this period of expanded rivalry. With viable utilizing of authoritative conduct, the administrators engage their representatives, as the workers are the fundamental concern and powers to actualize the change. As the conduct and demeanor of the representatives to a great extent impact the client connections and fulfillment, in this manner, the chiefs of Ecostore improve the whole authoritative presentation and client administrations with legitimate consolidation of hierarchical conduct. Lukic (2013) has referenced that hierarchical conduct includes an essential procedure of better administration of the business activity with consistent improvement of the aptitudes and information on the representatives. Authoritative conduct assumes a fundamental job in the whole administration procedure of the matter of an association. Indeed, even hierarchical conduct influences upon the individual, structures of the association and the performing group of Ecostore as it includes satisfactory and pertinent information so as to make this organization to work in more proper way inside the business than previously (Casadesusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Masanell and Zhu 2013). Ecostore has expanded the division of work and specialization so as to oversee both the inside and outer condition. Hierarchical conduct likewise causes Ecostore to conserve the essential exchange expenses of controlling the market and to degree power. In any case, due to globalization, Ecostore experienced a few difficulties and settled it with legitimate ramifications of potential techniques (Ecostore.com.au 2016). HR rehearses at the organization: (HR) practices of an association decide the size of workforce of an organization and its fundamental needs. As opined by Parsons (2013), the significant focal point of HR incorporates the division of capacity, geological area and specialty unit of association. The ongoing investigations have plainly expressed that a potential and compelling HR of an organization can bend out most extreme portion of the organization in a specific industry (Heikkurinen and Bonnedahl 2013). Be that as it may, here are debates and contentions in regards to this announcement; still the effect of HR officials and their activities are explained with legitimate ramifications of methodologies. So as to fabricate a major business case, which require a reasonable and straightforward comprehension of business work, which the HR serves and the other working associations with the current business pioneers. HR of Ecostore can assist the organization with achieving the focused on objective with appropriate inclusion of the business chiefs in the whole procedure of administration and arranging. This sort of essential contribution guarantees the arrangement of the general business work and the open doors in the serious market. Goyal et al. (2013) have expressed that HR likewise assists with joining an advanced workforce examination and anticipating of their key procedure with the assortment of huge business information, workforce division so as to execute a proper HR ways of thinking inside the organization. As Ecostore gives substance free eco-accommodating items to its clients so as to diminish and assess the principal effect of the offered items on the wellbeing of the clients, along these lines, the HR office has severe perception on the assets of crude materials to a definitive bundling of the items. Te the board and the pioneers of Ecostore mirror their adage that their primary concern is to serve individuals with keeping up of their wellbeing (Cohen et al. 2013). Every result of Ecostore is logical evidence and if there are any sort of issues shows up in light of the elements of certain items, at that point the chiefs and HR take successful measures to determine the issues in brief period as it might hamper the brand picture of the organization. The HR of Ecostore initiates proper staffs for the organization, who chooses more advantageous and more secure global assets to deliver eco-accommodating items for the clients. The skincare results of Ecostore are ideal for those, who are experiencing any sort of hypersensitivities and skin illnesses. The HR division of Ecostore limits the fundamental managerial works so as to assist them with focusing on extreme choice help, authority improvement, official instructing procedure and workforce arranging. As indicated by Exter (2013), HR makes an association light-footed and adaptable so as to permit center versatile developments with an exacting support of basic model. Job of worldwide business at the organization Hypothesis of total favorable position includes the fundamental capacity of an individual, organization advertisement nation to create a few items at modest cost per unit than the cost of different items offered by various organization. As opined by Pecoraro and Uusitalo (2014), hypothesis of total favorable position additionally manages the assurance of basic correlation of different work productivities,

Inspirational and Motivational Poems

Inspirational and Motivational Poems Inspirational and motivational poems for poems lovers. Enjoy!!!Choose To Be Happy By Marlene Rose Choose to be happy, Choose to feel great, Choose not to let things make you irate.I know that some people are not feeling great, And I know that some people just know how to hate. And I wish that all people could be healthy and strong, And I wish that all people would just get along.If wands could be waved,  and the world would be cured, Id wave that big wand, you can be assured. But Ill do what I can every day I am here, And try to remember the good, year to year.And I choose to be happy, And I choose to feel great, And I choose not to let things make me irate!Reincarnation By Wallace McCraeWhat does Reincarnation mean? A cowpoke asked his friend. His pal replied, It happens when Yer life has reached its end. They comb yer hair, and warsh yer neck, And clean yer fingernails, And lay you in a padded box Away from lifes travails.The box and you goes in a hole, Thats been dug into the gr ound. Reincarnation starts in when Yore planted neath a mound. Them clods melt down, just like yer box, And you who is inside. And then yore just beginnin on Yer transformation ride.In a while, the grassll grow Upon yer rendered mound. Till some day on yer moldered grave A lonely flower is found. And say a hoss should wander by And graze upon this flower That once wuz you, but nows become Yer vegetative bower.The posy that the hoss done ate Up, with his other feed, Makes bone, and fat, and muscle Essential to the steed, But some is left that he cant use And so it passes through, And finally lays upon the ground This thing, that once wuz you.Then say, by chance, I wanders by And sees this upon the ground, And I ponders, and I wonders at, This object that I found. I thinks of reincarnation, Of life and death, and such, And come away concludin: Slim, You aint changed, all that much.'Life Is By Mother TeresaLife is an opportunity; benefit from it. Life is a beauty; admire it. Life is a dream; realize it. Life is a challenge; meet it. Life is a duty; complete it. Life is a game; play it. Life is a promise; fulfill it. Life is sorrow; overcome it. Life is a song; sing it. Life is a struggle; accept it. Life is a tragedy; confront it. Life is an adventure; dare it. Life is luck; make it. Life is life; fight for it!The Handwriting On The WallA weary mother returned from the store, Lugging groceries through the kitchen door. Awaiting her arrival was her 8 year old son, Anxious to relate what his younger brother had done.While I was out playing and Dad was on a call, T.J. took his crayons and wrote on the wall! Its on the new paper you just hung in the den. I told him youd be mad at having to do it again.She let out a moan and furrowed her brow, Where is your little brother right now? She emptied her arms and with a purposeful stride, She marched to his closet where he had gone to hide.She called his full name as she entered his room. He trembled with fearhe knew that m eant doom! For the next ten minutes, she ranted and raved About the expensive wallpaper and how she had saved.Lamenting all the work it would take to repair, She condemned his actions and total lack of care. The more she scolded, the madder she got, Then stomped from his room, totally distraught!She headed for the den to confirm her fears. When she saw the wall, her eyes flooded with tears. The message she read pierced her soul with a dart. It said, I love Mommy, surrounded by a heart.Well, the wallpaper remained, just as she found it, With an empty picture frame hung to surround it. A reminder to her, and indeed to all, Take time to read the handwriting on the wall.As the Day Goes by Jennifer JohnsonChoices and wrong turns are made, as the day goes and the sun fades. People are loved and hearts are broken, as the day goes and words are spoken. Smiles and frowns are shown on faces, as the day goes and children play in open spaces. Happiness and sadness are felt by all, as the day go es and night falls. Tears of joy and tears of pain are shed, as the day goes and all are in bed.Dont QuitWhen things go wrong as they sometimes will; When the road youre trudging seems all uphill; When the funds are low, and the debts are high; And you want to smile, but you have to sigh; When care is pressing you down a bit Rest if you must, but dont you quit.Success is failure turned inside out; The silver tint of the clouds of doubt; And you can never tell how close you are; It may be near when it seems afar. So, stick to the fight when youre hardest hit Its when things go wrong that you mustnt quit.Have a favorite poem? Please share in the comments!

The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s 1892 short story â€Å"​The Yellow Wallpaper,† tells the tale of an unnamed woman slipping slowly deeper into a state of hysteria. A husband takes his wife away from society and isolates her in a rented house on a small island in order to cure her â€Å"nerves.† He leaves her alone, more often than not, except for her prescribed medication, while seeing to his own patients.​ The mental breakdown that she eventually experiences, likely triggered by postpartum depression, is supported by various outside factors which present themselves over time. It is probable that, had doctors been more knowledgeable of the illness at the time, the main character would have been successfully treated and sent on her way. However, due in large part to the influences of other characters, her depression develops into something much deeper and darker. A type of chasm forms in her mind, and we witness as the real world and a fantasy world merge. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a superb description of the misunderstanding of postpartum depression before the 1900s but can also act in the context of today’s world. At the time this short story was written, Gilman was aware of the lack of understanding surrounding postpartum depression. She created a character that would shine a light on the issue, particularly for men and doctors who claimed to know more than they actually did. Gilman humorously hints at this idea in the opening of the story when she writes, â€Å"John is a physician and perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster.† Some readers may interpret that statement as something a wife would say to poke fun at her know-it-all husband, but the fact remains that many doctors were doing more harm than good when it came to treating (postpartum) depression. Increasing the danger and difficulty is the fact that she, like many women in America at the time, was absolutely under the control of her husband: He said I was his darling and his comfort and all he had, and that I must take care of myself for his sake, and keep well. He says no one but me can help myself out of it, that I must use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run away with me. We see by this example alone that her state of mind is dependent upon the needs of her husband. She believes that it is entirely up to her to fix what is wrong with her, for the good of her husband’s sanity and health. There is no desire for her to get well on her own, for her own sake. Further on in the story, when our character begins to lose sanity, she makes the claim that her husband â€Å"pretended to be very loving and kind. As if I couldn’t see through him.† It is only as she loses her grip on reality that she realizes her husband has not been caring for her properly. Although depression has become more understood in the past half-century or so, Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† has not become obsolete. The story can speak to us, in the same way, today about other concepts related to health, psychology, or identity that many people do not fully understand. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story about a woman, about all women, who suffer from postpartum depression and become isolated or misunderstood. These women were made to feel as if there was something wrong with them, something shameful that had to be hidden away and fixed before they could return to society. Gilman suggests that no one has all the answers; we must trust ourselves and seek help in more than one place, and we should value the roles we can play, of friend or lover, while allowing professionals, like doctors and counselors, to do their jobs. Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a bold statement about humanity. She’s shouting for us to tear down the paper that separates us from each other, from ourselves, so that we may help without inflicting more pain: â€Å"I’ve got out at last, in spite of you and Jane. And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back.†

Psychological Effect Of Drug Abuse - 1782 Words

Drug abuse is the consumption of any natural or synthetic substance or drug in an unapproved quantity for increased performance and enhancement. Most people abuse drugs because they want to gain the psychological effect with methods neither approved nor supervised by medical professionals. (Med India, Network for Health, n.d.) Drug Addiction is when drug abuse becomes a compulsion for maintaining psychological and emotional balance. Drugs decompose the basic structure of a whole society, by weakening families, reducing human productivity, corrupting governments, and demolding law respecting citizens. (Med India, Network for Health, n.d.) According to Med India, â€Å"The trafficking of illicit drugs and hallucinogens is the largest illegal business in the world accounting for about 8% of international trade, amounting to about $400 billion annually† (Med India, Network for Health, n.d.). Drugs decompose a whole society Psychological Effects of Drug Abuse Stress: Many people use drugs because they feel as if it would make them relax and forget about all their issues that stress them up. However, it is the opposite. Once the euphoric feeling they get from the drug is over, they go back to being stressed and depressed. Long-term use of drugs can cause a deep impact on the way one’s brain works, and that can lead to augmented anxiety and stress. (Med India, Network for Health, n.d.) Anxiety and Depression: Anxiety is when one feels worried or nervous about an event that has happenedShow MoreRelatedIntroduction . Cannabis Is The Most Commonly Used Illegal1443 Words   |  6 Pagescommonly used illegal drug that is used world wide with an estimation of 125-203 million users in 2009 (Degenhardt Hall 2012). Cannabis misuse causes adverse effects and leads to addiction if consumed continuously ( ). 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Women typically enter rehab sooner than men, but they have more psychological distress, and are more likely to suffer from a mood or anxiety disorder (Liff, 2012). Most research on gender-based differences in addiction treatment has focused on organizational issues (suchRead MoreDrug Addiction- Physical vs. Psychological1334 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Taylor Drugs and Drug Policy 28 April 2011 Drug Addiction—Physical vs. Psychological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Research shows that an individual progresses from using drugs/substances, to being addicted to a drug/substance. This relationship with drugs (either legal or illegal) is complex because specific patterns of progression vary greatly from person to person. 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Professional Athletes and Illegal Steroid Use Free Essays

Athletes of the modern sports are pushing their body to the limits, not only through rigid practice and training, new techniques and strategies but also by enhancing or altering the body’s physiological make up.   Admittedly, the use of drugs in today’s sport is widespread.   Statistics show that athletes even the amateur ones as young as 12 years old are already taking steroids or drugs to enhance their performance in their respective fields. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Athletes and Illegal Steroid Use or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a survey conducted by the NCAA in 2004, it was reported that among 19-22 year-olds, 18.9% of them responded that they knew friends within the same age bracket who are taking steroids and who are playing a sport and 3% of high school seniors are using steroids as performance enhancers, how much more for the professional athletes who have a lot more at stake than just name, reputation, medal and trophy. So what are steroids and why has it raised so many clamors, not only among the field of sports but also among the field of science?   If an athlete takes steroids, would it be tantamount to cheating as he is not utilizing his own body’s capabilities but that of a drug?  Ã‚   Drugs commonly referred to as steroids are classified as anabolic, androgenic, and corticosteroids.   Corticosteroids are used to control inflammation.   Anabolic steroids which have been the object of media attention are the kind of drugs which is used by athletes and body builders to improve and bulk up their profile and body’s physiology. Anabolic is a Greek word which means to â€Å"build up† and these are synthetic hormones that cause the body to produce more muscle at the same time preventing muscle break down.  Ã‚   In the United States, it is illegal to take anabolic steroids without prescription from a doctor.   Androgenics or androstenedione (andros) is a lesser or weake r kind of anabolic steroid.   It primarily works by increasing testosterone and muscle proteins and many of weigh lifters take this steroid. The Benefits of Steroids The human body produces steroids naturally.   In the case of anabolic steroids, they resemble the chemical structure of the male sex hormone testosterone.   It facilitates the development of the male secondary sexual characteristics as well as facilitating muscle growth.   [Hobart, Sarah]. But just like any other development in science, steroids were not developed in order to enhance an athlete’s capabilities.   Rather it was developed in the 1930s in order to treat hypogonadism.   People with such disorder do not produce enough testosterone and the use of steroid helps replace the much needed testosterone.   Such success caught up with the athletes.   In 1956 Olympics, Russian athletes who used steroids were observed to be using catheters when urinating.   Ironically, the athletes had trouble urinating because their prostates have enlarged because of the excessive use of the drug. Subsequent observations and studies have manifested the benefits of the use of steroids by professional athletes.   Weight lifters who used steroids were seen to have increased their muscle strength and muscle growth. In comparison to those weight lifters who used steroids, those who took placebo or did not take anything at all showed a very slow increase in muscle growth and strength.   Steroids not only enhance the athletic performance of athletes, it also provide for the development of a physically fit, tighter and toner body not only for men but also for women. The Risks and Effects Just like any other drug, steroids have also its share of risks and side effects.   One of the particular concerns of health officials over steroid use for a prolonged period is liver damage, increased risk in heart disease.   The side effects of the steroid use are also severe.   For men who use steroids, they tend to develop â€Å"breasts† or gynecomastia, painful prolonged erection (priapism) and edema due to water and sodium retention.   In the case of the Russian athletes in 1956, they had trouble urinating due to the enlargement of their prostates.  Ã‚   Cardiovascular problems also occur due to the increase of â€Å"bad† cholesterol or the low-density lipoprotein levels instead of enhancing the â€Å"good† cholesterol or the high-density lipoprotein levels.   With these harmful physical effects, psychological problems also come up.   There was an indication that man who takes steroids showed behavioral changes like being aggressive. On the other hand, women who use steroids suffer irreversible damages unlike the men who can correct what ever side effect they have after discontinuing the use of such drug.   Women develop facial hair growth, enlarged clitoris, and coarser skin.   They also increase the same cardiovascular problems like the men do.   Women also are at risk of infertility and other reproductive disorders.   Admittedly, professional athletes both men and women still continue to use illegal steroids disregarding the risks even death because of their desire to win. Ethics The debate of the use of steroids is not only limited to the health concerns.   Rather, the use of steroids by professional athletes is centered on ethics. One argument over steroid use by professional athletes is that it is a form of cheating.   When using steroids as performance enhancing drugs, they tend to depend on the drugs capability instead of their own.   Athletes using performance-enhancers seek to increase their athletic ability via drugs rather than through the training process, which requires true commitment and effort on the part of the athlete (â€Å"Steroids: Play Safe,† 2004). The athletes who are the center and the heart of the game use steroids to win or better their chances in winning, they gave into the power of the drugs over them instead of wielding and showcasing their strengths.   This is ultimately being unfair to other athletes and professional players who only depend on their prowess, not of the drugs.   And since professional athletes play to win, as they are paid to do so, those who do not use steroids are extremely pressured to use them too in order to compete with the other athletes who have exceedingly enhanced performance. Another point raised on the ethical perspective of the use of steroid is that such use of a performance-enhancing drug allows professional athletes to tap into their undiscovered potentials. Although as discussed above, the athletes are the hearts of the game and they should be the one controlling it, not some drug, still with the aid of the drug, they are only harnessing their potentials to full use.   The privacy and the rights of the athletes to do to his body whatever he thinks is beneficial to him must be respected. Providing a stricter regulation on the use of steroid among professional athletes will not solve the problem. The decision to use or not to use such drug must be left to the discretion of the athlete.   The use of steroids among professional athletes may ultimately have been the result of â€Å"media hype†, and the ban on the use of such has been based on moral panic. By the making the use of steroids criminal, through drug testing may be even the cause of more health risks for the athletes.   As it is impossible to acquire the drug through a doctor, they instead turn to the underground or black market.   Instead of providing adequate help to the athletes who may limit or control the use of such drugs, banning it is ultimately forcing them to continue using steroids thereby driving them to further health risks in the first place. Athletes especially the professional ones are the role models of society especially the youth.   They have been looked up to by the society as pillars that are looked up to.   While each individual have the rights to do what he thinks is best for his own self, the state or the government can still impose regulations among its citizens especially if it concerns the health of many. The question of ethics should not come first but the health concerns. Although there have been reports and studies about the long time effects of the use of steroids, published cases of tumors and cancer-related cases, health experts and researchers do not exactly know the consequences   of steroid abuse   Ã‚  Even with all the data and reports submitted by researchers and users alike, still this are not conclusive and may be inaccurate. And so the federal government has issued a ban on the use of such.   Possession of steroids with the intent of distributing it is considered illegal and punishable by law.   Likewise, the use of steroids in sports is considered to be a violation of sports leagues and councils even the ethics of sportsmanship. But even with all the ban and regulation made by the government for the use of steroids especially in professional sports, many athletes still continue to use it despite warnings of its risks.   As drug testing is one way of determining whether an athlete is using steroids or not, professional athletes have found a way to go about and escape such drug testing. Just like the Ben Johnson who failed to bring home the gold in the 1988 Summer Olympics when he tested positive for steroids.   The catch is, he took 19 drug tests before that before he failed in the Seoul Games which eventually led to the forfeiture of his gold medal.   Ultimately, it is really up to the athlete whether he will use steroids to enhance his athletic performance or not notwithstanding the ban and regulation made by the federal government and the question of ethics as well. Reference: Bahrke, M.S., and C.E. Yesalis.   â€Å"The Future of Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sport.† The Physician and Sports Medicine , 2002, 30(11):1-21. Chuey, Daniel, Introduction to Benefits and Risks     www.biodavidson.edu accessed 1/30/06 Chyka, P.A.. â€Å"Androgenic-anabolic steroids.† Clinical Toxicology. Philadelphia.WB Saunders, 2001, 595-601. Hobart, Sarah, â€Å"Athlete Use and Abuse of Performance Enhancing Drugs â€Å"www.biodavidson.edu accessed 1/30/06 NCAA. â€Å"NCAA Drug-Testing Results 2002-2003.† Accessed 01/30/06 http://www1.ncaa.org/membership/ed_outreach/health-safety/drug_testing/0203results.html 2003. 2004. â€Å"Steroids: Play Safe, Play Fair.† American Academy of Pediatrics. http://www.aap.org/family/steroids.htm. 1 Oct. 2004. How to cite Professional Athletes and Illegal Steroid Use, Essay examples

Question and Answer free essay sample

Consider the following table of costs for the Winsome Widget Factory, which operates in a perfectly competitive market. The market price faced by this firm is $6. 00 per widget. a. Fill in the formula for Average Fixed Cost, Average Variable Cost, Average Total Cost, Marginal Cost, Total Revenue, Marginal Revenue, and Total Profit at the top of the column in the gray section within the table. b. Fill in the missing values for Total Fixed Cost, Total Variable Cost, Average Fixed Cost, Average Variable Cost, Average Total Cost, Marginal Cost, Total Revenue, Marginal Revenue, and Total Profit in the blue sections of the table. Explain. The slope of the total revenue curve is marginal revenue and the slope of the total cost curve is marginal cost. Economic profit (the difference between total revenue and total cost) is maximized where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. This is consistent with the marginal decision rule, which holds that a profit-maximizing firm should increase output until the marginal benefit of an additional unit equals the marginal cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Question and Answer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The marginal benefit of selling an additional unit is measured as marginal revenue. Finding the output at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost is thus an application of our marginal decision rule. To use the marginal decision rule in profit maximization, the firm produces the output at which marginal cost equals marginal revenue. Economic profit per unit is price minus average total cost; total economic profit equals economic profit per unit multiplied by the quantity. If price falls below average total cost, but remains above average variable cost, the firm will continue to operate in the short run, producing the quantity where MR = MC doing so minimizes its losses. If price falls below average variable cost, the firm will shut down in the short run, reducing output to zero. The lowest point on the average variable cost curve is called the shutdown point. So Winsome Widgets Marginal Revenue is at 60 no matter what output is at, so at output level 50 the MR=MC, and as the marginal decision rule applies at this point. f. Is Winsome Widgets in long-run equilibrium? Explain. First consider the definition of long-run equilibrium: All firms are maximizing profits. No firm has incentive to enter or exit, because all firms are earning zero economic profit. Price is such that QS  = QD. (Output Supply equals Output In other terms that means in an  Increasing Cost (time of an) Industry, an increase in input demand (anticipation of when people get greedy for something) by firms in the industry causes an increase in input prices (firms sale price to break even) and thereby an increase in average production costs. Also, at Long Run equilibrium, profits of all firms in the industry are zero and so no firms are entering or exiting the market. Therefore, Winsome Widgets is not at long run equilibrium because the latest (most current) output is 100. Output levels 40 through 59 would be considered in the state of Long Run equilibrium level. Everything before/after that range isn’t eligible for that. Task 2: Given a numeric production schedule, you will calculate profit and make decisions about short-run profitability to answer questions relating to your calculations. Jerry’s Lock Shop is a perfectly competitive firm, and Jerry is operating at his level of output, which maximizes profit. He can change locks for 20 different customers per day and charges each customer $35 for each lock. His total cost of changing locks is $800 and his fixed cost is $160. Answer the following questions. For each question, show the formula and the calculation as well as the final answer. a. What is Jerry’s marginal cost? Explain how you arrived at that answer. Fixed Cost is $160/20 customers= AFC of 8 If ATC=AFC+AVC, Then AVC=ATC-AFC or 40-8= AVC of 32 TC 800/20 (Q) customers= ATC of 40 shared by the 20 customers he services. Answered because the more customers or output there is sharing of his TC the better off his business is. However if he cannot make positive math alone then he cannot teach and is unadvisable to continue losing money. Firing him and shutting down might be a good idea as well. Arrival is logical, if one man makes -100 for business in one day, then 2 men would be worse, especially being taught skills by someone who cannot make enough alone.

Give a critical account with examples of the strategies available to the translator to deal with culturally specific items, which arise, in translation. The WritePass Journal

Give a critical account with examples of the strategies available to the translator to deal with culturally specific items, which arise, in translation. Introduction Give a critical account with examples of the strategies available to the translator to deal with culturally specific items, which arise, in translation. IntroductionDeterministic machine translationTable 1. Conservation Strategies   Table 2. Substitution Strategies BIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Introduction It is commonly agreed that the act of translation involves the conveyance of a message from one language to another, however, as Komissarov states,   â€Å"Translation from language to language is ipso facto translation from culture to culture† (1991, p.12). Hatim and Mason’s description of translation agrees with this opinion stating that the message must cross â€Å"cultural and linguistic boundaries† (1997, p. 1) in order to be clearly understood, while George Bernard Shaw’s[1] much referenced comment that â€Å"England and America are two countries separated by the same language† gives us a clear indication that, when it comes to translation, knowledge of language is not enough and an appreciation of culture and customs is paramount. Deterministic machine translation A  notorious for missing the point and the errors that are thrown up obvious, and often comical, in the target language such as the original Chinese translation of the Kentucky Fried Chicken slogan finger-lickin good which read eat your fingers off (Wolter, 2010). Culler states, â€Å"If language were simply a nomenclature for a set of universal concepts, it would be easy to translate from one language to another. One would simply replace the French name for a concept with the English name.† (cited in Baker, 1992, p. 10). This circumstance rarely presents itself and lack of equivalence, especially in the case of culture-specific words and concepts, is one of the main challenges faced by the translator. It is particularly evident within the realm of literary translation where the source-language culture plays a significant role and the emphasis is on recreating a piece of writing that is â€Å"true to the original, as well as being equally enchanting† (G. Paul, 2009, p .1). The translator must therefore not only have a good knowledge of both languages and cultures but a set of tried and trusted strategies to employ to overcome difficulties in transferring cultures within literary translation. This essay will concentrate on literary translation, with an emphasis on translation strategies available to deal with areas of cultural relevance within children’s literature. It will focus on the novel Le Petit Nicolas, (Goscinny Sempà ©, 2007) and its translation Nicholas (Goscinny Sempà ©, 2005); a book full of culture-specific phrases and concepts, which will offer an insight into the challenge of translating from â€Å"culture to culture† (Komissarov, 1991, p.12). To review the author’s processing of culturally specific items and develop a schema of success and failure that meaning can be drawn from, Javier Franco Aixel’s model of strategies available to the translator when translating items of cultural relevance will be used (1996, pp 52-77). The first step in this assessment must be to define what constitutes an item of cultural significance. As Aixel points out, it is easy to identify more common culturally specific words, such as personal and place names, however, an overall explanation of cultural specificity is in itself rather challenging as â€Å"everything is culturally produced, beginning with language itself.† (1996, p. 57). For instance, Aixel gives the example of translating the word â€Å"lamb† from the Bible for the Eskimo people; while this would not pose a problem to a source culture (SC) where this animal is known as having connotations of being helpless and sacrificial, it would for a SC where the animal is either completely unknown or unknown in that capacity (ibid, pp. 57-58). Aixel terms an area of cultural significance as a ‘culture-specific item’ (CSI), which he defines as: â€Å"Those textually actualized items whose functions and connotations in a source text involve a translation problem in their transference to a target text, whenever this problem is a product of the non-existence of the referred items or of its different intertextual status in the cultural system of the readers of the target text.† (ibid, p. 58) This essay will use Aixel’s definition of ‘CSIs’, which are anything linked to the SC that either does not exist in the target culture (TC) or carries a different meaning in that culture, when identifying areas of cultural relevance within Le Petit Nicolas. While this definition makes it possible to identify CSIs within a given text, it is worth noting that a CSI, like language and culture themselves, is liable to change; Aixel states that â€Å"objects, habits or values once restricted to one community come to be shared by others† (1996, p. 58). It is possible to extrapolate Aixela’s theory further than this as the evolution of cultural significance can also affect a single language, for example, ‘car crash’ previously just another way of saying ‘motoring accident’, was recently admitted into the Oxford English Dictionary carrying entirely different cultural connotations of celebrity misadventure (Alleyne, 2008 I pinched th is from the 2011 inclusions..) . It is therefore important to remain flexible in identifying and handling CSIs. With a definition of a CSI it is possible to concentrate on the strategies available for translating them. Aixel splits his strategies for dealing with CSIs into two main categories – ‘Conservation’ and ‘Substitution’ (see Tab. 1 2) (1996, pp. 61- 65). The strategies within the category of   ‘Conservation’ focus on preserving the CSI in the TT in some way and therefore support Schleiermacher’s notion of ‘Foreignizing’ whereby the translator emphasises cultural differences from the ST in the TT (in Venuti, 2008, p. 20); conversely, ‘Substitution’ strategies aim at replacing the source-culture item with one from the TC and therefore correspond to the contrasting view of ‘Domesticating’ the TT (Ibid, p. 18), and Nida’s theory of ‘Dynamic Equivalence’ which places the focus on the target reader and thus the TC over that of the SC (2000, p.156). The general consensus at the p resent time, as put forward by Gill Paul, is that a good literary translation must â€Å"reflect cultural differences, while drawing parallels that make it accessible [†¦]. It should be read by readers in its new language with the same enthusiasm and understanding as it was in the old.† (2009, p. 1). Both ‘Foreignization’ and ‘Dynamic Equivalence’ place unnecessary limitations on the literary translator and hence the TT and, if followed to the letter, would not produce Paul’s ‘good literary translation’. Therefore, in incorporating an element of each theory, Aixel’s strategies (listed below) strike the right balance: Table 1. Conservation Strategies   Repetition Straight transference of CSI from ST to TT. Orthographic Adaptation Transliteration or transcription of CSI from ST to TT. Linguistic (non-cultural) translation Using a target language version, which is based on pre-existing translation and can still be recognised as belonging to the source culture. Extratextual gloss One of above strategies plus addition of information in form of footnote, brackets etc. Intratextual gloss One of above strategies plus addition of information in main body of text. Table 2. Substitution Strategies Synonymy Use of a synonym to avoid repetition of a CSI on stylistic grounds. Limited universalization Use of another CSI from source culture to replace the more incomprehensible one in ST. Absolute universalization Replacing CSI with a neutral reference, thus removing any exoticism. Naturalization Replacing CSI with a CSI from the target culture. Deletion Removing all elements of CSI for ideological or stylistic reasons. Autonomous Creation Adding a cultural reference to TT that is not present in ST. The data in Tables 1 2 are from Translation, Power, Subversion (pp.61-70) by R. lvarez and M. C.-. Vidal, eds.(1996), Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Viewing the ST (Goscinny, 2007) with the strategies outlined above we can start to identify thematic CSIs that cause issues for the target TT and would likely cause unnecessary confusion. Translation of the French children’s names was a particular challenge; Aixel generally advocates ‘Conservation’ strategies of ‘Repetition’ or ‘Orthographic adaptation’ (Tab.1) for dealing with names (1996, pp. 61-62), however with French names, there is the obvious issue of pronunciation such as with the Eudes and Joachim. While pronunciation is not a necessity when reading, it does aid character recollection and thus the ability to emphasise with a character. In addition to pronunciation, the names also carry underlying connotations and stereotypes such as popularity, whether they are modern or old-fashioned and what type of person the name evokes in the imagination that would not transfer to the TT. While elements of these issues may be overcome by the fact that in the ST there already appears to be what Aixel terms ‘Intratextual gloss’ (Tab. 1) in the form of descriptions of the characters, the issues concerning pronunciation highlight a weakness in the strategies of ‘Repetition’ and ‘Orthographic adaptation’. This weakness calls for the translator to be sensitive to external factors affecting translation decisions. Aixel terms these factors as ‘Supratextual’ variables, which include the genre of the ST, the translation brief and the intended audience (1996, pp. 65-66). The translation by Anthea Bell of Le Petit Nicolas was undertaken in 1978, when translation norms looked to adhere to viewpoints such as Nida’s ‘Dynamic Equivalence’ while attempting to â€Å"produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original† (Newmark, 1981, p39). The reference to th e ‘readers’ above is an important one; In Principles of Correspondence, Nida states that the translator needs to understand the audience in terms of their ‘decoding ability’ and ‘potential interest’ (in Venuti, 2000, p. 155). Le Petit Nicolas is a classic piece of children’s literature that is enjoyed by young children and adults alike. While this book is enjoyed by an adult audience, the main readership would fall into Nida’s category of   â€Å"The capacity of children, whose vocabulary and cultural experiences are limited;† (in Venuti, 2000, p. 155); this indicates that Aixel’s ‘Conservation’ strategies of ‘Repetition’ or ‘Orthographic adaptation’ for dealing with names, would not be suitable here. In order to overcome this, the ‘Substitution’ strategy ‘Limited universalization’ (Tab. 2) could be employed, which would have made it possible to keep French names without losing any understanding on behalf of the target readers; for example changing ‘Eudes’ to ‘Edouard’ or ‘Joachim’ to ‘Jà ©rà ´me’. This strategy would be more in tune with today’s translation norms and would fulfil Paul’s ideal of a good translation that â€Å"allows a reader to experience first hand a different world – hearing the sounds, tasting local fare, seeing the sights† (2009, p.55). Translator Anthea Bell uses English names in place of the French ST versions and this approach corresponds to substitution strategy of ‘Naturalization’ (Tab. 2). The choice to remove all elements of French from the names is a bold one; ‘Naturalization’ is rarely used in literature, however it was once a common strategy for translating children’s stories (Aixel, 1996, p. 63) and this, along with the above mentioned supratextual factors, may have influenced this decision. While ‘Repetition’ proved inappropriate in translating Christian names, it would be possible to preserve elements of the SC in the TT by using this strategy for other CSIs. There are a number of references in the ST to food items specific to French culture; these include ‘pain au chocolat’, ‘Camembert’, ‘Roquefort’ and ‘frites’. Aixel states that â€Å"in the Western World there is a clear trend [†¦] towards maximum acceptability [†¦] towards ‘reading as an original’† (Ibid, p. 54); this sentiment promotes the use of ‘Conservation’ strategies such as ‘Repetition’ – ‘pain au chocolat’ to ‘pain au chocolat’ and ‘Linguistic (non-cultural) translation’ – ‘frites’ to ‘French fries’. These strategies definitely have their appeal in today’s society where globalisation has meant that food items such as ‘pain au chocolat’ and ‘French fries’ are readily available in our shops; however, these terms   may not have been suitable in the late seventi es when the ST was translated – again this indicates that words change their meaning and distribution over time and to quote Aixel once more, â€Å"objects, habits or values once restricted to one community come to be shared by others† (1996, p. 58). Lack of availability and hence knowledge about French food may be the reason behind Bell’s decisions in her era, which once again correspond to Aixel’s ‘Substitution’ strategies of ‘Limited universalization’ for ‘pain au chocolat’ where it was translated as ‘chocolate croissant’ (something entirely different in today’s supermarkets) and ‘Naturalization’ for ‘frites’ which became ‘chips’. While both ‘Limited universalization’ and ‘Naturalization’ are perfectly valid strategies for translating CSIs such as food items, their overuse will eventually lead to ‘Domestication’ of th e ST (Schleiermacher in Venuti, 2008, p.18), which is not in line with Paul’s description of ‘a good literary translation’ (2009, p. 55). ‘Repetition’ of Camembert and Roquefort, which appear in the ST as part of an amusing tale between two of the characters who are trying to recall the fable The Fox and the Crow (ST, pp. 45-48, TT, p. 34), would clearly correspond with Paul’s ideal of allowing the target reader to personally experience the ST world (2009, p.55), however, it may lead to a lack of understanding due to the nature of the target audience who probably do not have knowledge of such delicacies as Camembert or Roquefort. In the fable by Aesop the crow has a piece of cheese in its beak (Crow and the Fox, n.d.) and in the ST the two boys are arguing over whether this piece of cheese is Camembert or Roquefort: â€Å"[†¦] d’un corbeau qui tenait dans son bec un roquefort.[†¦]  Ã‚ «Ã‚  Mais non, a dit Alceste, c’à ©tait un camembert.  Ã‚ » (ST, pp. 45-48) [of a crow who had in his beak a roquefort [†¦] â€Å"but no, said Alceste, it was a camembert†] ‘Limited universalization’ choosing a more general French cheese, or ‘Naturalization’ using an English cheese, could solve this problem, however, the next remark made by one of the boys highlights the need for an understanding of the CSI’s treatment in the ST and how this affects the choice of strategies (1996, p. 69-70):  «Ã‚  Pas du tout, a dit Rufus, le camembert, le corbeau il n’aurait pas pu le tenir dans son bec, à §a coule et puis à §a sent pas bon  !  Ã‚ » (ST, p. 48) [Not at all, said Rufus, the camembert, the crow would not be able to hold it in his beak, it runs, and then it doesn’t smell good!] Bell opts for ‘Repetition’ in the TT which is one of the only times that she uses a ‘Conservation’ strategy (1996, pp. 61-62) and for this reason the CSIs feel out of place within a TT that has, for the most part, been domesticated. This observation underlines the need for an equal balance in the use of ‘Conservation’ and ‘Substitution’ strategies when translating CSIs. The possible use of the ‘Conservation’ strategies ‘Extratextual’ and ‘Intratextual gloss’ (Tab. 1) emerged when translating the CSI in the form the job title ‘le surveillant’. ‘Le surveillant’ is a term ‘restricted to the source culture’ (Aixel, 1996, p. 56) and, at the time of Le Petit Nicolas, it was an adult in charge of study and discipline (nowadays a ‘surveillant’ is more likely to be a fellow student and not in charge of discipline equivalent to a monitor or prefect in a British school). As there is no linguistic equivalent in the target language this poses a problem, which could be overcome for the translator wanting to keep an element of the SC in the TT by using such ‘Conservation’ strategies: â€Å"monsieur Dubon, le surveillant, nous a conduit en classe† (ST, p. 23) â€Å"Mr Dubon, the surveillant (the person in charge of study and discipline in a school), led us into the classroom† (My translation using ‘Extratextual gloss’) â€Å"Mr Dubon, who is the school’s surveillant in charge of discipline, led us into the classroom† (My translation using ‘Intratextual gloss’) These approaches conserve the CSI in the TT; however, they interrupt the flow of the text and are therefore not ideal options for literary translation. This draws attention to a need for the translator to decide between which is more important: the fluidity of the TT or the preservation of the cultural elements present in the ST. Analysis of the TT has shown that, as with the Christian names, Bell opts to maintain the flow of the TT and chooses ‘Naturalization’ here using ‘one of the other teachers’ (TT, p. 17). While this does not interrupt the flow of the text, it is not correct and does lead to some confusion as to why their class teacher allows ‘one of the other teachers’ to constantly interrupt lessons and discipline her pupils. The nickname for the ‘surveillant’ in Le Petit Nicolas is ‘Le Bouillon’ a type of broth usually made with meat and vegetables like a stew. It may be possible to use the ‘Conservation’ strategy of ‘Linguistic (non-cultural) translation’ (Tab. 1) for ‘Le Bouillon’ renaming it ‘stew’, however, what Aixel terms as ‘intratextual’ factors relating to this CSI, namely how the CSI is treated within the ST itself such as its cultural consideration, its significance and replication will mould how it is dealt with in translation (1996, pp 69-70); the reason why the boys use this nickname would make a CSI translated using ‘Linguistic (non-cultural) translation’ confusing for the target reader: â€Å"On l’appelle comme à §a, parce qu’il dit tout le temps :  «Ã‚  Regardez-moi dans les yeux  Ã‚ », et dans le bouillon il y a des yeux.† (ST, p. 23) [one calls him like that because he says all the time ‘look me in the eyes’, and in stew there are eyes] This reason is quite clearly culturally specific; it refers to the fat in the broth that gathers in circles on top of the water, which in French culture are seen as ‘eyes’. As this is not something that the target reader would instantly think of, it is not possible to use any of Aixel’s ‘Conservation’ strategies here without having to include a lengthy and disruptive explanation within the TT. In line with Bell’s other translation decisions for names, the terms have been ‘naturalised’ and the CSI has become ‘Old Spuds’, which allows the reason to remain the same as in the ST albeit with the reader enjoying a differing mental image. While ‘Naturalization’ can be seen to have gone against the ideal of a ‘good literary translation’ in domesticating the CSI, it is sometimes a necessity in order to preserve as much of the content of ST as possible. Another challenging CSI is a confluence of two of the above themes in Le Petit Nicolas, namely food and culture. ‘le goà »ter’ (an after-school snack usually given at 4pm) is a ritualistic snack that forms part of the French way of life and should not be confused with the evening meal, which is served much later than in the UK. For this reason one could use a ‘Conservation’ strategy such as ‘Intratextual gloss’ (Tab. 1) however, as previously discussed this strategy impedes the flow of literary texts and therefore the ‘Substitution’ strategy ‘Absolute universalization’ (Tab. 2) may be a better option:  «Ã‚  j’ai pas envie d’à ªtre en retard pour le goà »ter  ! (ST, p. 37) â€Å"I don’t want to be late for our after-school snack which is usually given at 4pm!† (my translation using ‘intratextual gloss’) â€Å"I don’t want to be late for snack-time!† (my translation using ‘Absolute universalization’) Interestingly, Bell has again employed the ‘Substitution’ strategy ‘Naturalization’ to translate this CSI (1996, p. 63): ‘I don’t want to be late for tea!’ (TT, p.27) While this option may have been suitable when the translation was published, it would now lead the target reader to believe that the children are having their evening meal. The ‘Substitution’ strategy of ‘Deletion’ (Tab. 2) is preserved for CSIs that are considered â€Å"unacceptable on ideological or stylistic grounds† (Aixel, p. 64). Aixel states that the â€Å"nature of the CSI† in terms of any pre-established translations it may have, its transparency, its ideological status and what culture it refers to all influence how it is treated in translation (1996, pp. 68-69); an area in the ST that this would be considered is within the story Djodjo regarding the English student (ST, pp 59-65). On being introduced to the English student George the French boys notice his teeth and comments on them: â€Å"Il a souri et nous avons vu qu’il a des tas de dents terribles.  «Ã‚  Le veinard, a dit Alceste, [†¦] avec des dents comme à §a, il doit mordre des drà ´les de morceaux  !  Ã‚ » (ST, p. 59) [he smiled and we saw that he had loads of awful/huge teeth. â€Å"Lucky thing, said Alceste [†¦] with teeth like that must be able to eat lots of things!†] This stereotypical image of poor English dental care is specific to the SC and may offend the target audience if it were to be kept in the TT. If Kelly’s opinion in her work on the ideological implications of translation, that the translator â€Å"she should be aware of the pitfalls of stereotypical images, and attempt to avoid them† is to be adhered to then ‘Deletion’ would be an appropriate strategy here (1998, p. 63). However, this strategy involves major changes to the ST and places the importance of target-audience views above that of the message of the ST and should only be used if the translator sees no other working solution. Analysis of the TT shows that Bell also uses ‘Deletion’ for this CSI and goes further in changing the CSI by using ‘Autonomous creation’ – changing the name of the student to a Dutch name, and thus his nationality from English to Dutch (1996, p.64). Le Petit Nicolas gives us a wide range of CSI’s in action and permits the evaluation of Aixel’s strategies in parochial areas such as naming conventions, cuisine and social structures and stereotypes. All of these challenge and inevitably force a course of action and stylistic choice from the translator. The strategies employed in Le Petit Nicolas have not always produced the best fit or proved the most enduring, e.g. ‘chocolate croissants’, but they clearly show that translation is an art not a science as indeed it should be in the realm of literary translation.  Ã‚   ; I It is often factors outside of the ST that will have a bearing of the efficacy of each strategy.   The analysis of the items of cultural significance and the strategies used to translate them in the essay epitomises the quintessential tensions of translation. While it can be helpful that translation theorists such as Aixel create models for translation that should be followed a priori, it is often not the case that these models can be taken off the shelf and applied to all translations. Sometimes to coin a business expression the real test comes when ‘the rubber hits the road’ and the need for pragmatic responses to CSIs gives Bell and all involved in translation a raison d’à ªtre and a place that currently cannot be filled easily by mechanistic rule sets. BIBLIOGRAPHY Alleyne, R. (2008) Custard Cream is New Entry in Concise Oxford English Dictionary. The Telegraph. Retrieved May 15, 2011, from website telegraph.co.uk/news/2235642/Custard-Cream-is-new-entry-in-Concise-Oxford-English-Dictionary.html Aixà ¨la, J.F. (1996). Culture-specific Items in Translation. In R. lvarez and M. C.-. Vidal, eds. Translation, Power, Subversion (pp.52-78). [Electronic version]. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Baker, M. (1992). In other words: A coursebook on translation. London: Routledge Hatim, B. Mason, I. (1997) The Translator as Communicator. [Electronic version]. London: Routledge Kelly, D. (1998) Ideological implications of translation decisions: positive self- and negative other presentation. [Electronic version]. Quaderns. Revista de traduccià ³ 1, 57-63 Komissarov, V.N. (1991). Language and Culture in Translation: Competitors or Collaborators? [Electronic version]. TTR : traduction, terminologie, rà ©daction, 4, (1) p. 33-47. Retrieved from http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/037080ar Newmark, P. (1981). Approaches to Translation. [Electronic version]. Oxford: Pergamon Nida, E. (1964). Principles of Correspondence. In L.Venuti, ed. The Translation Studies Reader (pp. 153-167). London: Routledge Paul, G. (2009). Translation in Practice: a symposium. Champaign and London: Dalkey Archive Press Venuti, L. (2008) The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translation. (2nd edition). [Electronic version]. London: Routledge Venuti, L. (ed.) (2000) The Translation Studies Reader. London: Routledge Wolter, L. (2010, March 9) Doing Business in the here and now. Las Cruces Sun-News (New Mexico). Retrieved May 15, 2011 from lexisnexis.com/uk/nexis/ surveillant, e. (2007). In Collins French Dictionary Plus. Retrieved from credoreference.com/entry/collinsfrench/surveillant_e Le Bouillon, http://forum.wordreference.com/showthread.php?t=1033979 The Crow and the Fox aesopfables.com/cgi/aesop1.cgi?jdlfi2msi3m.jpg

George Washingtons First Inauguration

George Washington's First Inauguration The inauguration of George Washington as the first President of the United States on April 30, 1789, was a public event witnessed by a cheering crowd. The celebration in the streets of New York City was also a very serious event, however, as it marked the  beginning of a new era. After struggling with the Articles of Confederation in the years following the Revolutionary War, there had been a need for a more effective federal government and a convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1781 created the Constitution, which established the office of president. George Washington had been selected as president of the Constitutional Convention and, given his great stature as a national hero, it seemed obvious he would be elected as the first President of the United States. Washington  easily won the first presidential election in late 1788 and when he took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall in lower Manhattan months later, it must have seemed to the citizens of the young nation that a stable government was finally coming together. As Washington stepped out onto the balcony of the building, many precedents would be created. The basic format of that first inauguration more than 225 years ago is essentially repeated every four years. Preparations for the Inauguration After delays in counting votes and certifying the election, Washington was officially informed that he had been elected on April 14, 1789. The secretary of the Congress traveled to Mount Vernon to deliver the news. In an oddly formal meeting, Charles Thomson, the official messenger, and Washington read prepared statements to each other. Washington agreed to serve. He left for New York City two days later. The trip was long, and even with Washingtons carriage (a luxury vehicle of the time) it was arduous. Washington was met by crowds at every stop. On many nights he felt obligated to attend dinners hosted by local dignitaries, during which he was toasted effusively. After a large crowd welcomed him in Philadelphia, Washington was hoping to arrive in New York City (the location of the inauguration as D.C. had not yet become the nations capital) quietly. He didnt get his wish. On April 23, 1789, Washington was ferried to Manhattan from Elizabeth, New Jersey, aboard an elaborately decorated barge.  His arrival in New York was a massive public event. A letter describing the festivities that appeared in newspapers mentioned a cannon salute was fired as Washingtons barge passed the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan. A parade formed consisting of a cavalry troop formed when he landed and also included an artillery unit, military officers, and the Presidents Guard composed of Grenadiers of the First Regiment. Washington, along with city and state officials and followed by hundreds of citizens, marched to the mansion rented as the Presidents House. The letter from New York published in the Boston Independent Chronicle on April 30, 1789, mentioned that flags and banners were displayed from buildings, and bells were rung. Women waved from windows. During the following week, Washington was kept busy holding meetings and organizing his new household on Cherry Street. His wife, Martha Washington, arrived in New York a few days later accompanied by servants which included enslaved people brought from Washingtons Virginia estate at Mount Vernon. The Inauguration The date for the inauguration was set for April 30, 1789, a Thursday morning. At noon a procession began from the Presidents House at Cherry Street. Led by military units, Washington and other dignitaries walked through several streets to Federal Hall. Keenly aware that everything he did that day would be seen as significant, Washington chose his wardrobe carefully. Though he was mostly known as a soldier, Washington wanted to emphasize that the presidency was a civilian position, and he did not wear a uniform. He also knew his clothes for the big event had to be American, not European. He wore a suit made of American fabric, a brown broadcloth made in Connecticut that was described as resembling velvet. In a small nod to his military background, he wore a dress sword. After reaching the building on the corner of Wall and Nassau Streets, Washington passed through a formation of soldiers and entered the building. According to an account in a newspaper called The Gazette of the United States and published on May 2, 1789, he was then introduced to both houses of Congress. That was, of course, a formality, as Washington would have already known many of the members of the House and Senate. Stepping out onto the gallery, a large open porch on the front of the building, Washington was administered the  oath of office by the Chancellor of the State of New York, Robert Livingston. The tradition of presidents being sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States was still years in the future for a very good reason: the Supreme Court would not exist until September 1789, when John Jay became the first Chief Justice. A report published in a newspaper (The New York Weekly Museum) on May 2, 1789, described the scene which followed the administration of the oath of office: The Chancellor then proclaimed him THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, which was followed by the instant discharge of 13 cannon, and loud repeated shouts; THE PRESIDENT bowing to the people, the air again rang with their acclamations. He then retired with the two Houses [of Congress] to the Senate Chamber... In the Senate chamber, Washington delivered the first inaugural address. He had originally written a very long speech which his friend and adviser, future president James Madison, suggested he replace. Madison drafted a much shorter speech in which Washington expressed typical modesty. Following his speech, Washington along with new vice president John Adams and members of Congress walked to St. Pauls Chapel on Broadway. After a church service, Washington returned to his residence. The citizens of New York, however, continued celebrating. Newspapers reported that illuminations, which would have been elaborate slide shows, were projected on buildings that night. A report in the Gazette of the United States  noted that illuminations at the homes of the French and Spanish ambassadors were particularly elaborate. The report in The Gazette of the United States described the end of the great day: The evening was fine- the company innumerable- every one appeared to enjoy the scene, and no accident cast the smallest cloud upon the retrospect.

Risk Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management Systems - Essay Example In practice, the process can be very difficult and balancing between risks with a high probability of occurrence but lower loss versus a risk with high loss but lower probability of occurrence can often be mishandled. Intangible risk management identifies a new type of risk - a risk that has a 100% probability of occurring but is ignored by the organization due to a lack of identification ability. For example, when deficient knowledge is applied to a situation, a knowledge risk materializes. Relationship risk appears when ineffective collaboration occurs. Process-engagement risk may be an issue when ineffective operational procedures are applied. These risks directly reduce the productivity of knowledge workers, decrease cost effectiveness, profitability, service, quality, reputation, brand value, and earnings quality. Intangible risk management allows risk management to create immediate value from the identification and reduction of risks that reduce productivity. Risk management also faces difficulties in allocating resources. This is the idea of opportunity cost. Resources spent on risk management could have been spent on more profitable activities. Again, ideal risk management minimizes spending while maximizing the reduction of the negative effects of risks. In Norfolk Sentara, they have developed different programs to lessen the risks associated with diseases and they have implemented these programs efficiently that they have received recognition for their patient safety assurance. Norfolk Sentara addressed the needs and safety of their patients as if they were their own relatives. They work hard to provide the best patient care possible and also to provide treatment plans that will help alleviate the patients' pain and sickness.  Ã‚  

Perfomance standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perfomance standards - Essay Example The historical overview of Westin St. Francis was traced to as early as the 1902s which make the hotel more than 112 years to date (The Westin St. Francis, 2014). The initial step in performance evaluation is to identify the job standards based on the essential functions as expected of the position. The basic responsibilities of a doorman at a hotel include: (1) greeting the guests at arrival and even during departure through the provision of courteous, warm, and prompt service; (2) assists in handling luggage of guests from any mode of transportation to endorsement to the Bellman; (3) provides appropriate responses to the quests regarding inquiries on hotel accommodations and facilities prior to endorsement to the front desk personnel. (1) Greet the guests as soon as they arrive within the vicinity of the hotel by stating: â€Å"Welcome to The Westin St. Francis. I am . I would be glad to be of service to you.† Likewise, when the guests are to depart from the hotel, the doorman should indicate: â€Å"Thank you so much for choosing The Westin St. Francis to serve you. We look forward to being of serve to you in the near future†. This standard would improve service quality through expressly communicating to the guests how welcome they are in the hotel and how the service personnel are glad to address their accommodation requirements. As such, the warm and prompt greeting would indicate high quality of service that could provide customer satisfaction through the provision on immediate response on various inquiries and concerns. As such, the measurable and observable components of this performance standard are as follows: greeting in a warm and courteous manner (quality measure); greeting in a prompt manner with assistance to the luggage (time measure); prompt greeting at arrival and departure (time measure). (2) Assists in handling luggage of guests from any mode of transportation to endorsement to the Bellman.

Effects and Importance of Osmosis

Effects and Importance of Osmosis Osmosis is the movement (natural) of a solvent, in the case of living organisms (water) selectively through a semi-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. In other words it is the movement of water across a selectively semi- permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration) (Bowen, 2000). Semi-permeable membrane A membrane is partially (semi) permeable, if it will let in water molecules but not the molecules or ions dissolved in water (the solutes such as sugar molecules). Many cell membranes function in this manner. Osmosis is there for an important mechanism in the transport of fluids in living organisms (Bowen, 2000). Osmosis: Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Key: Water, o Solute Osmosis is important in biological systems, as many biological membranes are semi-permeable. In general, these membranes are impermeable to organic solutes with large molecules, such as polysaccharides, while permeable to water and small, uncharged solutes. Permeability may depend on: solubility properties, charge, or chemistry, as well as Solute size. Water molecules travel through the plasma cell wall, tonoplast (vacuole) or protoplast in two ways, either by diffusing across the phospholipids bilayer directly, or via small transmembrane proteins similar to those in facilitated diffusion and in creating ion channels). Osmosis provides the primary means by which water is transported into and out of cells. The turgor pressure of a cell is largely maintained by osmosis, across the cell membrane, between the cell interior and its relatively hypotonic environment (Maton et al., 1997). The process of osmosis accounts for many functions that maintain life. In relation to blood cells, blood cells placed in pure distilled water will swell and burst. If these cells are placed in a Hyper osmotic (hypertonic) solution, i.e., the solution has more dissolved particles, salts, sugar, etc., than is in the cells, they will shrivel up (a process called crenation in the case of blood cells). The energy that drives the process of osmosis is called osmotic pressure. In animal (human beings included), the red blood cells are very important to the survival of the organism because they transport oxygen from the gills, skin, or lungs to the cells of the various tissues (muscles, nerves, etc.). These blood cells are transported in a fluid (serum) that has approximately the same salt content as sea water. Effects of Osmosis on Red Blood Cells Red blood cells as in all animal cells dont have cell walls. In cases of hypotonic solutions, red blood cells will swell up and burst (explode) .when the cell is in danger of bursting due to accumulation of too much water in it, contractile vacuoles will pump out the water out of the cell to prevent it from bursting. In hypertonic solutions, water will diffuse out of the cell due to osmosis and the cell shrinks. For the red blood cell to stay in its normal condition, its always surrounded by isotonic solution. If the concentration of the cells cytoplasm is lower then medium (the medium is hypotonic) surrounding the cell, then osmosis will result by the cell gaining water, hence the cell will swell up and burst. If the concentration of the water inside the cell is the same as that outside the cell (the medium is isotonic solution), there exists a dynamic equilibrium, meaning the number of cells getting in and leaving the cells is the same hence the cell will retain its original size. The red blood cell retains its shape because of the isotonic nature of the plasma. If the water concentration inside the cell is higher than that of the medium (the media is a hypertonic solution), hence the number of molecules diffusing out will be more than that entering, and the cell will shrink. The kidneys in the human body provide the necessary regulatory mechanism for the blood plasma and the concentration of water and salt removed from the blood by the kidneys, which is controlled by the hypothalamus. This process of regulating the salty and the mineral salts in the blood is called osmoregulation. Osmosis and diffusion a have related concepts: Both processes involve the movement of materials from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion involves the movement of chemical molecules from a low concentration to a higher concentration whereas osmosis involves the movement of water molecules from a high to low concentration via a semi permeable membrane. Importance of Osmosis in the animal/human body Salts and minerals are transferred from water through osmosis. Osmosis transfers water through the plasma membrane (which is selective and semi permeable) of the cell. It manages the mixing of water, glucose and salts in the body cells, this is important, otherwise the cells would loose too much water and eventually die. Hence osmosis plays an important role in keeping the cells alive. Osmosis plays an important role in the functioning of the kidneys, it is also important in the helping to transfer water and various nutrients between the blood and fluid of the cells. People who suffer from kidney diseases depend in kidney machines to remove waste substances (products from their blood, such machines use a process called dialysis, which is similar to the process of osmosis. Salt water fish constantly consume a lot of water, which is released to the environment through osmosis, while fresh water fish dont drink water because their skin is responsible to absorbing water. Diffusion of Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a permeable membrane as a result of kinetic energy of random motion. It is a random movement of molecules which is directional from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is achieved. Molecules are in a constant state of motion. For example, if you dissolve KMnO4 in water so that the concentration is initially higher in one part of the water that another, diffusion will occur so that there is a net movement of KMnO4 from area if high concentration to an area of lower concentration. However, if the KMnO4 molecules have a complete even and random distribution through out the water, there will be no movement of KMnO4 in any direction. The rate of diffusion will be affected by properties of: The cell The diffusing molecule Surrounding solution The rate of diffusion increases as the concentration gradient increases. When the concentration of molecules outside the cells is very high, relative to the internal concentration, the rate of diffusion will also be high. If the internal concentration are the same (low concentration gradient), the rate of diffusion will be low.

What are some of the stereotypic traits typically assigned to being feminine and to being masculine?

Men and women are being stereotyped as polygamous and polyandra. Transcending from animal to human behaviour, many would rather conclude that even man are not naturally inclined to be monogamous. Like the primates, two forms are readily observable in society. Of the two types of marriage systems, polygamy (plural marriage) has been found to be the most common throughout history than its opposite form of monogamy.Polygamy has taken two forms: polyandra, in which a wife has two or more husbands; and polygyny, in which a man has two or more wives. This second form of plural marriage has been much more common, historically, than the first, and still is, although polyandry still persisted towards the early 20th century in parts of India, on the high plateau of Tibet, and in other scattered localities. Primary reason for its practice mainly falls out of necessity.Sustenance depends from a limited number of farmland and the careful balancing of population against food reserves. Each family therefore, avoids dividing its meagre tillage in ever-diminishing lots among its progeny by having the younger sons share the wife of the eldest son. Not only does this practice reduce the number of children in each generation, and keep each property permanently within the family, it has some other curious results.Polyandry, for some reason not wholly accounted for by anthropologists, reduces the fertility of wives, and produces an abnormal ratio of male to female births. Custom obliges them to treat each husband with equal favour, but it often happens that a woman of many husbands may prefer one brother to all the others. Due to contacts with dwellers outside their village, women are feeling the stigma of polyandra. More women from this system then, are beginning to revolt and are asserting their own demands for monogamy.

Romanticism And Romanticism - 1304 Words

death to millions in religious wars. Also, the wide availability of knowledge was made possible through the production of encyclopedias, serving the Enlightenment cause of educating the human race. The Enlightenment is thought to have ended with the French Revolution, which had a violent aspect that discounted it in the eyes of many. Also, Immanuel Kant, â€Å"who referred to Sapere aude! (Dare to know!) as the motto of the Enlightenment, ended up criticizing the Enlightenment confidence on the power of reason. Romanticism, with its emphasis upon imagination, spontaneity, and passion, emerged also as a reaction against the dry intellectualism of rationalists.†15 The Enlightenment profoundly influenced the world of art giving the medium a†¦show more content†¦It preferred the medieval rather than the classical. It was mostly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific rationalization of nature, all components of modernity. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a extreme impact on historiography, education, and the natural sciences. It had a significant and complex effect on politics, with romantic thinkers influencing liberalism, radicalism, conservatism and nationalism. However, the sufferings of the families and individuals began to run their course as more and more people began tuning into the corruption of their government and the brainwashing they were trying to impose. ______________ 17. McCoy, Claire Black, Dr. Romanticism in France. Khan Academy. Accessed November 06, 2017. 18. Ibid. Rebellious works in art started showing in the works of artists that came to call themselves realists. 19 One such realist, Gustave Courbet, was considered important to the emergence of Realism in the mid-nineteenth century. Rejecting the classical and theatrical styles of the French Academy, his art insisted on the physical reality of the objectsShow MoreRelatedRomanticism : Romanticism And Romanticism1444 Words   |  6 PagesRomanticism was a period time 1750 to 1870 in Europe, Latin America and The United States. Romantic Movement didn’t reach to France until the 1820’s. Romanticism main spirit was against of rule, law and formulas that classicism the different characterized of general in 18th century. Imagination, Subjectivity of approach, freedom, Expression and the idealization of nature will be focused in movement of Romantic Literature. 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It can be greatly attributed to the romanticRead MoreRomanticism1649 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism in the Nineteenth Century The Romantic period followed the era of logical, philosophical, and social movement in the 17th to 18th century. However, as the 19th century began, Romanticism came into the light with a new perspective that intrigued the people. It stressed emphasis on emotions and imagination while also helping to realize the importance of self-expression. The American Romanticism movement illustrated inspiration, bias and predominance of individuals in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreRomanticism Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesRomanticism Soaked in sweat, I finally finished a mile run around the neighborhood. While grasping for air, my neighbor Kayla must have noticed that I took my daily run. She decided to bring me a bottle of water and converse a little while. 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